Charles W. Monday, Jr. graduated from high school in Bishop, Texas. He received a Bachelor of Arts from The University of Texas at Austin and an M.D. from The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. After completing his surgical residency at Hermann Hospital in 1971, he served in the United States Army Medical Corps from 1971 to 1973.

In 1973 Monday began his medical practice in Huntsville in the specialty of general surgery at Huntsville Memorial Hospital, where he remains in the active practice of surgery. He has been active in many civic and nonprofit organizations, including the Lions Club, the First Methodist Church, and the Chamber of Commerce, where he served as director. He was an advisor to the Walker County Emergency Service. Monday is a member of the Texas Medical Association and a fellow of the American College of Surgeons. He served on the Texas Board of Medical Examiners from 1993 to 1999.

Monday and his wife Jane have three daughters who graduated with honors from The University of Texas at Austin.